• Sliding function for wide work pieces. • Compact light weight, suitable also for one-handed transport • Robust die-cast aluminium design for the highest demands • Easy transport thanks to ergonomically-designed handles and saw head lock • Effective dust extraction via integrated dust scoop • Fast and precise setting of common angles using stop points • Laser for exact display of the cutting line (mains powered, no batteries required) • Adjustable and extendable table width extension, removable to put long panels, slabs etc. Underneath • Bright LED work light for illumination of the cutting line (mains powered, no batteries required) • Sliding high rear fence profiles for safe sawing • Material clamp for secure fixing of the work piece from the top or front • Depth stop for easy creation of grooves • Saw head can be inclined to the left, with additional angle range for undercuts • All scales and operating elements are visible from the working position and can be operated intuitively • Easy saw blade change by means of spindle lock: No dismantling of the pendulum protective cover required. ![]() Metabo KGS 216 M Pdf User Manuals. View online or download Metabo KGS 216 M Original Instructions Manual, Original Operating Instructions. ![]() The instructions applicable to your Metabo product are delivered together with the product. Keep all enclosed documents and pass on your power tool only together with these documents. The instructions available for download here might be different from the instructions for your product for the following reasons: • The instructions for products that are no longer manufactured are notbeing updated. • Technical progress or new findings might possibly modify the application or technical data of the product. The operating instructions presented here apply to the most recently manufactured Metabo products. • Regulations, guidelines and standards are updated. Therefore we cannot be held liable for any damage resulting from following the operating instructions available for download here. Always use ALL enclosed operating instructions! In case you are not able to find the operating instructions required in this selection, kindly contact our customer service.
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![]() Procedure to refresh your expired SAP Router certificate with new one. I have included some screenshots for better understanding. Check the validity of your router using below command: sapgenpse get_my_name Usually the validity of certificate is only for one year. Login to SAP Market Place to get the distinguished name of your router server: Before executing the next steps, make sure that you have taken the backup of complete SAPROUTER folder (Or which ever directory containing your SAP Router). Delete the following files local.pse, srcert, certreq and cred_v2 from SAPROUTER folder. Generate the certificate Request with the command: sapgenpse get_pse -v -r certreq -p local.pse “” Example: sapgenpse get_pse -v -r “E: usr sap saprouter certreq” -p local.pse “CN=myserver, OU=, O=saprouter, O=SAP, C=DE” Got absolute PSE path “E: usr sap saprouter local.pse”. Please enter PSE PIN/Passphrase: **** Please reenter PSE PIN/Passphrase: ****!!! WARNING: For security reasons it is recommended to use a PIN/passphrase!!! WARNING: which is at least 8 characters long and contains characters in!!! WARNING: upper and lower case, numbers and non-alphanumeric symbols. Supplied distinguished name: “CN=Myserver, OU=, OU=SAProuter, O=SAP, C=DE” Creating PSE with format v2 (default) succeeded. Certificate creation ok PSE update ok PKRoot ok Generating certificate request ok. Jul 10, 2013. Sapgenpse get_pse -v -r certreq -p local.pse 'CN=example, OU=, OU=SAProuter, O=SAP, C=DE'. Sometime you need to export the LD_LIBRARY_PATH first: export LD_LIBRARY_PATH= example: export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/saprouter/linux-x86_64-glibc2.3. Alternatively use. Certificate Request Signed Part Subject:CN=Myserver, OU=, OU=SAProuter, O=SAP, C=DE” Key Key type:rsaEncryption Key size:2048 Attributes Signature Signature algorithm:sha256WithRsaEncryption Signature (size=”2048″): You will be asked to enter the pin twice. Do make a note of the pin as you will be using it later. C. Create SAP Router Certificate: On SAP Marketpace, select the certificate you want to generate the request for and continue: Copy and paste the content of file “certreq” on the next screen (From begin to end and no space included) Now your SAP Router certificate is ready. Copy the certificate from “Begin certificate” to “End Certificate” and paste the content to file named “srcert”, which must be created in the same directory as the sapgenpse executable. Install the SAP router certificate Install the certificate using the below command, sapgenpse import_own_cert -c srcert -p local.pse example output: Please enter PIN: CA-Response successfully imported into PSE “D: usr sap saprouter local.pse” E. Create credentials for SAP router Execute below command to generate credentials for SAP Router. Sapgenpse seclogin -p local.pse -O Example output: running seclogin with USER=”routadm” Please enter PIN: Added SSO-credentials (#0) for PSE “E: usr sap saprouter local.pse” “CN=myserver, OU=, OU=SAProuter, O=SAP, C=DE” Note:The account of the saprouter user should always be entered in full. If you do not enter a user here, credentials will be generated for currently logged in user. This will create a file called “cred_v2” in the same directory as “local.pse” F. Check the certificate. Execute below command to check the new validity of the certificate: sapgenpse get_my_name -v -n Issuer The name of the Issuer should be: CN=SAProuter CA, OU=SAProuter, O=SAP, C=DE And below command to check the validity: sapgenpse get_my_name Sample output: SSO for USER “routadm” with PSE file “E: usr sap saprouter local.pse” Subject: CN=myserver, OU=000012345, OU=SAProuter, O=SAP, C=DE Issuer: CN=SAProuter CA, OU=SAProuter, O=SAP Trust Community II, C=DE Serialno: KeyInfo: RSA, 2048-bit Validity – NotBefore: Fri Mar 010 17: NotAfter: Thu Mar 08 17. How to Install saprouter on Ubuntu Server (without any SAP installation) [D_A],, Hi, Firstly you have need for SAPCAR, saprouter and sapcrypto. All of the above you can find from SW download centre from SAP: Then: Note: You will be asked for a PIN code. Just pick your own 4 numbers, but you’ll have to use the same PIN every time you’re asked to enter one. • Send a customer message to SAP Support (component XX-SER-NET-OSS-NEW) and tell them to register the hostname and IP of your new SAProuter. You have to register it with a official IP address (no internal IP’s allowed), but it’s allowed to use NAT in the firewall/router. 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Dan peluang bagi mereka yang berdagang online di Instagram juga sangat bagus. Tapi, apakah kamu sudah mempunyai akun Instagram? Bila belum ada kamu pasti tidak akan membaca artikel ini dulu, dan kamu mesti membuat akun Instagram nya dulu. Lihat juga: Instagram berbeda dengan Facebok, Twitter, dan sosial media mainstream lainnya. Di komputer, kamu tidak bisa menikmati semua fitur Instagram yang ada di aplikasi smartphone, kamu cuma bisa like dan komentar saja, kamu tidak bisa upload video atau foto dengan menggunakan PC. Jadi kamu mesti menggunakan aplikasi pihak ketiga supaya bisa mengupload foto lewat PC atau laptop. Call Center Gojek – Gojek adalah sebuah perusahaan berbasis teknologi yang menggunakan kendaraan “ojek” untuk melayani konsumen. Layanan yang ditawarkan oleh Gojek tidak terbatas pada transportasi orang saja, tetapi berbagai layanan lain juga ditawarkan oleh Gojek, antara lain: GO-RIDE, GO-CAR, GO-FOOD, GO-BOX, GO-CLEAN, dan masih banyak lagi. Sebagai Perusahaan Start-Up Gojek didirikan oleh Nadien Makarim dan Michaelangelo Moran pada tahun 2011. Saat itu, Nadien dan Michaelangelo masih terdaftar sebagai karyawan di sebuah perusahaan teknologi. Pikiran mereka masih terbelah menjadi dua, antara fokus ke perusahaan start-up mereka dan ke pekerjaan utama. Seiring dengan berjalannya waktu, Nadien memutuskan untuk keluar dari pekerjaannya dan fokus penuh untuk mengembangkan Gojek. Kiprah Gojek sebagai perusahaan start-up mulai terdengar pada tahun 2015, yang pada saat itu terjadi demo besar-besaran oleh kalangan penarik ojek ke driver Gojek. Dengan hadirnya Gojek tentu membuat para penarik ojek konvensional merasa tersaingi. Gojek, yang pada saat itu bisa dibilang bertarif lebih murah dan lebih terjamin keamanannya, membuat masyarakat lebih memilih untuk menggunakan layanannya daripada layanan ojek konvensional. Sebagai perusahaan start-up di bidang transportasi, Gojek telah berhasil bekerjasama dengan lebih dari 200.000 pengendara di kota-kota besar di Indonesia. Gojek adalah salah satu start-up tersukses di Indonesia. Hingga saat ini, aplikasi Gojek telah diunduh lebih dari 10 juta pengguna di PlayStore. Selain itu, Gojek juga merupakan salah satu perusahaan start-up dengan nilai valuasi terbesar di Indonesia. Nilai valuasi Gojek saat ini telah mencapai $1 miliar atau jika di-kurskan sekitar 13 triliun rupiah. Perkembangan Gojek Sebagai perusahaan start-up di bidang transportasi terkemuka di Indonesia, Gojek selalu berinovasi untuk menjadi yang terdepan. Layanan Gojek sekarang tidak hanya pada bidang transportasi orang, tetapi juga di bidang transportasi barang, makanan, tiket, hingga layanan cleaning service dan servis kendaraan. Bisa dibilang Gojek berusaha untuk menghadirkan semua layanan yang dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat. Layanan Gojek • GO-RIDE: layanan transportasi menggunakan sepeda motor. • GO-CAR: layanan transportasi menggunakan mobil. • GO-FOOD: layanan pesan makanan. • GO-MART: layanan belanja kebutuhan sehari-hari. • GO-SEND: layanan pengiriman barang. • GO-BOX: layanan rental mobil box. • GO-PULSA: penjualan pulsa handphone. • GO-MASSAGE: memanggil terapis pijat profesional. • GO-CLEAN: memanggil cleaning service untuk membersihkan rumah / kantor. • GO-GLAM: memanggil ahli kecantikan untuk make up dan rias wajah. • GO-TIX: pemesanan tiket bioskop. • GO-AUTO: layanan reparasi kendaraan. • GO-MED: pembelian obat di apotik. • GO-BUSWAY: layanan transportasi ke halte transjakarta. Call Center Gojek Bagi Anda para driver Gojek atau para pengguna layanan Gojek yang memiliki pertanyaan, saran, atau keluhan, silahkan menghubungi nomor call center Gojek di bawah ini: • Call Center Gojek 021 – 50233200 • Email Customer Service Selain itu, Anda juga dapat komplain melalui Aplikasi Gojek: • Komplain Melalui Aplikasi Gojek Aplikasi Gojek (User) -> Menu ‘Help’ -> Pilih Opsi Yang Sesuai -> Pada Bagian Bawah Klik ‘E-mail us, it’s free!’ -> Isikan Data-Data Yang Dibutuhkan -> Klik Send. Klik Menu ‘Help’ Pilih Opsi Sesuai Layanan Pilih Masalah / Komplain Klik E-mail Di Bagian Bawah Isi Data, Kemudian Klik Send Itu dia call center Gojek yang dapat Anda hubungi. Gunakan dengan sebaik-baiknya. Alamat Kantor: GOJEK Pasarraya Blok M, Gedung B Lt. Iskandarsyah II No. 7 Jakarta Selatan – Indonesia Telp: 021 – 50233200 Facebook: @gojekindonesia Twitter: @gojekindonesia. 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Video chat is available on higher bandwidth connections and makes keeping up with distant family/friends much more interactive. Video conferencing and the Screenshare features make Skype popular with the corporate market. Skype’s text chat client features group chat, chat history, message editing and emoticons. Skype also enables calls to landlines and mobiles using a premium paid service. Easy to Use Skype’s UI is very intuitive and easy to use. All the classic messaging service features like profiles, online status, contacts and recent history are displayed in the left navigation. Here you will also find the Skype directory, group options, a search box and premium calling buttons. The right side (main window) opens the content you select. For individual contacts you will see a text message box, chat history and calling options. Call Quality On fast internet connections Skype call quality is excellent for both voice and video calls. 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If you are looking for an alternative to Skype then check out our. Skype Description Skype is a popular voice calling and video chat messaging software being used by over 350 million users worldwide. It is among the most popular communication service providers in the market. This powerful software has made communication easier for many people, allowing people all around the globe to connect with their loved ones.! (Skype Logo is a trade mark of Skype and QP Download is not affiliated, sponsored, authorised or otherwise associated by/with the Skype group of companies) Users can download Skype for windows, tablets, and smart phones. All you need is a reliable internet connection to use Skype, so that you can stay connected with your loved ones from many locations. One main feature that has made Skype the ultimate solution for easy communication is that there is no cost to use this software. Users don?t have to worry about paying for long distance calls and racking up their phone bills. 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All trademarks, registered trademarks, product names and company names or logos mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners. All informations about programs or games on this website have been found in open sources on the Internet. All programs and games not hosted on our site. When visitor click 'Download now' button files will downloading directly from official sources(owners sites). QP Download is strongly against the piracy, we do not support any manifestation of piracy. If you think that app/game you own the copyrights is listed on our website and you want to remove it, please contact us. We are DMCA-compliant and gladly to work with you. Please find the DMCA / Removal Request below. How to uninstall Skype? How do I uninstall Skype in Windows Vista / Windows 7 / Windows 8? • Click 'Start' • Click on 'Control Panel' • Under Programs click the Uninstall a Program link. • Select 'Skype' and right click, then select Uninstall/Change. • Click 'Yes' to confirm the uninstallation. How do I uninstall Skype in Windows XP? • Click 'Start' • Click on 'Control Panel' • Click the Add or Remove Programs icon. • Click on 'Skype', then click 'Remove/Uninstall.' • Click 'Yes' to confirm the uninstallation. How do I uninstall Skype in Windows 95, 98, Me, NT, 2000? • Click 'Start' • Click on 'Control Panel' • Double-click the 'Add/Remove Programs' icon. • Select 'Skype' and right click, then select Uninstall/Change. • Click 'Yes' to confirm the uninstallation. Frequently Asked Questions • How much does it cost to download Skype? Download Skype from official sites for free using QPDownload.com. Additional information about license you can found on owners sites.• How do I access the free Skype download for PC? Just click the free Skype download button at the top left of the page. Clicking this link will start the installer to download Skype free for Windows.• Will this Skype download work on Windows? The free Skype download for PC works on most current Windows operating systems. Related Apps. Profile Hudson's patrons aren't exactly flipping pages. The bar's bookshelves (stocked with everything from Herzog to Madonna's picture book) are part of an haute library mise-en-scene that includes lots of Scottish plaid, aged liquors behind glass, a shiny copper bar-top, a cigar menu, expensive wines and a ruddy bartender in a tie. 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Note There's a $5 tobacco charge for those who smoke. ![]() Description Backpack Writing uses written instruction and visual tools to teach students how to read, write, and research effectively for different purposes in a brief travel-friendly format. This revolutionary new aims-based writing guide, (a concise version of Writing: A Guide for College and Beyond) brings together Lester Faigley’s clear and inviting teaching style and Dorling Kindersley’s accessible and striking design. Unique, dynamic presentations of reading, writing, and research processes in the text bring writing alive for students and speak to students with many learning styles. Throughout the book, Lester Faigley keeps students engaged and learning, with such notable features as “Process Maps” to guide students through the major writing assignments, extensive examples of student “Writers at work,” and diverse, distinctive reading selections. 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Table of Contents PART 1 The Writer as Explorer 1. Making Discoveries Look with new eyes 3 Explore the world 4 Find a territory 6 Use guides 10 2. Reading to Explore Become a critical reader 13 Look with a critical eye 14 Read actively 16 Recognize fallacies 18 Respond as a reader 20 3. Planning a Journey Determine your direction 23 Write a thesis 24 Plan your route 26 4. Returning and Revising See again 28 Evaluate your draft 29 Respond to others 31 Pay attention to details last 32 5. Thinking Visually Communicate with visuals and words 35 Understand visual and verbal concepts 36 Know when to use images and graphics 40 Take pictures that aren’t boring 41 Compose images 42 Create tables, charts, and graphs 43 6. Designing Documents Start with your readers 45 Use headings and subheadings effectively 46 Design pages 47 Understand typography 48 PART 2 The Writer as Guide 7. Writing Effectively in College Understand the demands of writing in college 55 Think about your aim 56 Think about your genre 58 Think about your audience 60 Think about your credibility 62 Become an effective writer 64 Angela Yamashita Got Roddick? Writing to Reflect Writing reflections 70 An effective reflection Sue Kunitomi Embrey Some Lines for a Younger Brother. 72 How to read reflections 76 essay Amy Tan Mother Tongue 77 blog Jason Christopher Hartley Just Another Soldier 82 essay David Sedaris Let It Snow 86 How to write a reflection 90 Student essay Janine Carter The Miracle Quilt 102 Projects 106 9. Reporting Information Reporting information 110 Effective informative writing Samuel M. Wilson The Emperor’s Giraffe 113 How to read informative writing 118 profile Harold Evans Russell Simmons 119 executive summary The National Commission on Writing for America’s Families, Schools, and Colleges Writing: A Ticket to Work... Or a Ticket Out 127 How to write to inform 130 Student report Lakshmi Kotra The Life Cycle of Stars 148 Projects 156 10. Writing to Analyze Writing to analyze 160 Writing a rhetorical analysis 162 Writing a visual analysis 164 An effective analysis Tim Collins Straight from the Heart 166 How to read analyses 171 article David T. Mindich The Collapse of Big Media: The Young and the Restless 172 product design Volkswagen Beetle 181 corporate logo Landor Associates Federal Express Logo 184 How to write a rhetorical analysis 186 Student rhetorical analysis Grace Bernhardt Investigating “Independence”: An Analysis of Frederick Douglass’s Speech, “What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?” 198 Projects 204 11. Writing to Analyze Causes Writing to analyze causes 208 An effective causal analysis Stentor Danielson Pesticides, Parasite May Cause Frog Deformities 212 How to read causal analyses 216 essay Ari Kelman New Orleans' Blessing; New Orleans' Curse 217 leaflet Operation Iraqi Freedom Leaflets 222 How to write a causal analysis 224 Student causal analysis Sean Booker Borrowing Bling: The Appeal of Hip-hop to Young White Men 240 Projects 244 12. Writing to Evaluate Writing to evaluate 248 An effective evaluation Lefteris Pavlides The Aesthetics of Wind Power 251 How to read evaluations 256 review Dan Crane McNasty: The New “Healthy” Fast Food Items Taste Bad (and Aren’t So Healthy Either) 257 article Stephanie Rosenbloom The Nitpicking Nation 263 How to write an evaluation 268 Student essay Rashaun Giddens Stop Loss or “Loss of Trust” 282 Projects 288 13. Arguing for a Position Writing a position argument 292 An effective position argument Ted Koppel Take My Privacy, Please! 296 How to read position arguments 301 speech Frederick Douglass What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? 302 article Meredith Clark Life Without Health Insurance 310 advertisements Buff Daddy 314 Food Cops Bust Cookie Monster 315 How to write a position argument 316 Student argument Chris Nguyen Speech Doesn’t Have to be Pretty to be Protected 332 Projects 338 14. Arguing for Change Making an argument for change 342 An effective argument for change Thomas Jefferson The Declaration of Independence 346 How to read arguments for change 351 article Thomas Homer-Dixon and S. Julio Friedmann Coal in a Nice Shade of Green 352 essay Paul Saffo A Trail of DNA and Data 356 How to write an argument for change 360 Student argument Kim Lee Let’s Make It a Real Melting Pot with Presidential Hopes for All 376 Projects 382 PART 3 The Writer as Researcher 15. Planning Research Analyze the research task 387 Ask a question 388 Determine what you need 389 Draft a working thesis 391 16. Finding and Evaluating Sources Search using keywords 393 Find books 394 Find journal articles 395 Evaluate print sources 396 Find information in databases 397 Construct effective searches 398 Locate elements of a citation 399 Find information on the Web 400 Evaluate Web sources 17. Writing the Research Paper Plan your organization 403 Avoid plagiarism 404 Quote sources without plagiarizing 405 Summarize and paraphrase sources without plagiarizing 407 Incorporate quotations 409 Incorporate visuals 412 Review your research project 413 18. MLA Documentation Elements of MLA documentation 416 Entries in the works-cited list 417 In-text citations in MLA style 419 Books in MLA-style works cited 422 Periodicals in MLA-style works cited 426 Online sources in MLA-style works cited 430 Other sources in MLA-style works cited 434 Visual sources in MLA-style works cited 435 Sample MLA paper George Abukar It’s Time to Shut Down the Identity Theft Racket 436 Credits 444 Index 446. Description For college courses in Composition and Rhetoric. This version of Backpack Writing has been updated to reflect the 8th Edition of the MLA Handbook (April 2016)* Revealing the writing process through interactive learning Backpack Writing, 4th Edition presents writing, reading, and research processes dynamically, using a variety of visuals to illustrate how readers interact with texts and how writers compose. One of the first textbook authors to focus on multimedia composing, Lester Faigley employs his own advice to engage students in every step of the writing process--for both college composition and everyday life--and pulls back the curtain on how writers work. Aligned with the learning goals for a first-year college writing course identified in the 2014 Outcomes Statement from the Council of Writing Program Administrators, Backpack Writing gives students the support they need to succeed in first-year composition, in their other courses, and in their careers. * The 8th Edition introduces sweeping changes to the philosophy and details of MLA works cited entries. Responding to the “increasing mobility of texts,” MLA now encourages writers to focus on the process of crafting the citation, beginning with the same questions for any source. These changes, then, align with current best practices in the teaching of writing which privilege inquiry and critical thinking over rote recall and rule-following. A focus on academic writing • NEW! More attention to academic writing. Part 1, “The Academic Writer,” includes new content on academic reading and writing. Chapter 1, “Thinking as an Academic Writer,” invites students to think about medium, genre, audience, and purpose at the outset; and Chapter 2, “Reading as an Academic Writer,” instructs students on how to read academic writing. The remaining chapters prepare students for planning, drafting, and revising academic writing. More examples of academic writing. Each chapter in Part 2, “The Persuasive Writer,” includes an extended example of a written, research-based academic project. More support for research. The emphasis on academic writing in Part 1 now includes new sections on writing a summary, writing a paraphrase, starting an annotated bibliography, and synthesizing readings and visuals. Coverage of research in Part 4, “The Writer as Researcher,” has been updated to include the latest MLA guidelines for citing e-books and postings on Facebook®, Twitter™, and other social media. Instruction for writing in multimedia • NEW! Expanded instruction in multimedia composing. Few students understand how to compose in multimedia. Backpack Writing: A Guide for College and Beyond explains that a great deal of thought must be done before a multimedia project is initiated and that resources must be gathered and organized before composing begins. This coverage is spread throughout the book and is concentrated in Part 3: “The Multimedia Writer.” • NEW! More multimedia assignments and examples. • All seven chapters in Part 2 include a new “Writing in Multimedia” assignment. • Chapter 8 has a new example of the “Writer at Work” feature which shows how a student developed an analysis of Russell Lee’s Pie Town, New Mexico photographs. • The new Chapter 13, “Composing in Multimedia,” includes instruction on the process of multimedia composing and creating audio and video texts along with a new example of a photo essay. • Chapter 14, “Designing for Print and Digital Readers,” offers practical advice on designing and evaluating print and digital texts. New engaging readings • NEW! This edition includes provocative new readings on topics such as • the pluses and minuses of dual credit courses in high school, • why police departments ignore bicycle theft, • why traffic congestion is made worse by what we think is common sense, and more. Visual tools to engage students and help them get organized • Unique “process maps” let students see, at a glance, what is expected of them for each of the major writing assignments (Chapters 6-12). These process maps give students an overview of the whole writing process and help them stay oriented as they discover ideas, draft, and revise their own papers. • “ Writer at work” sections show examples of student writers working throughout the whole messy, creative process, from invention through revision to a final paper (Chapters 6-12). • “ Write Now' boxes give brief writing assignments that are designed to help student discover ideas and explore where they lead. Writing “Projects” that conclude Chapters 6-12 offer a variety of assignments, ranging from informative essays to position arguments. • The visuals, many of them photographs taken by the author, not only make every page of the text lively and engaging, but also serve to support the main points made in each chapter. • Most reading selections are designed to look like original publications (an editorial looks like a page from a newspaper, a Web article looks like a Web page, and so on), thus exposing students to a diversity of genres they will encounter in college and beyond. • “Staying on Track” boxes included throughout the book focus on common writing problems and give students concrete advice for how to avoid such problems, including both “off track” and “on track” examples that help to illustrate these problems. • Instruction in and strategies for the research process in Part 4 includes avoiding plagiarism, evaluating sources, and using library databases and the Internet as research tools (Chapters 15-19). • Eight student papers, all with sources and citations, give students realistic, accurate models. A focus on academic writing • More attention to academic writing. Part 1, “The Academic Writer,” includes new content on academic reading and writing. Chapter 1, “Thinking as an Academic Writer,” invites students to think about medium, genre, audience, and purpose at the outset; and Chapter 2, “Reading as an Academic Writer,” instructs students on how to read academic writing. The remaining chapters prepare students for planning, drafting, and revising academic writing. • More examples of academic writing. Each chapter in Part 2, “The Persuasive Writer,” includes an extended example of a written, research-based academic project. • More support for research. The emphasis on academic writing in Part 1 now includes new sections on writing a summary, writing a paraphrase, starting an annotated bibliography, and synthesizing readings and visuals. Coverage of research in Part 4, “The Writer as Researcher,” has been updated to include the latest MLA guidelines for citing e-books and postings on Facebook®, Twitter™, and other social media. Instruction for writing in multimedia • Expanded instruction in multimedia composing. Few students understand how to compose in multimedia. Backpack Writing: A Guide for College and Beyond explains that a great deal of thought must be done before a multimedia project is initiated and that resources must be gathered and organized before composing begins. This coverage is spread throughout the book and is concentrated in Part 3: “The Multimedia Writer.” • More multimedia assignments and examples. • All seven chapters in Part 2 include a new “Writing in Multimedia” assignment. • Chapter 8 has a new example of the “Writer at Work” feature which shows how a student developed an analysis of Russell Lee’s Pie Town, New Mexico photographs. • The new Chapter 13, “Composing in Multimedia,” includes instruction on the process of multimedia composing and creating audio and video texts along with a new example of a photo essay. • Chapter 14, “Designing for Print and Digital Readers,” offers practical advice on designing and evaluating print and digital texts. New engaging readings • This edition includes provocative new readings on topics such as • the pluses and minuses of dual credit courses in high school, • why police departments ignore bicycle theft, • why traffic congestion is made worse by what we think is common sense, and more. Table of Contents PART 1: THE ACADEMIC WRITER 1. Thinking as an Academic Writer Explore Through Writing Understand the Process of Writing Understand the Rhetorical Situation Analyze Your Assignment Think About Your Genre Think About Your Medium Think About Your Topic Think About What Your Readers Expect Think About Your Credibility 2. Reading as an Academic Writer Become a Critical Reader Become a Critical Viewer Annotate Academic Readings Recognize Fallacies Write a Summary Write a Paraphrase Move from Reading to Invention Start an Annotated Bibliography Synthesize Readings and Visuals 3. Planning Move from a General Topic to a Writing Plan Narrow Your Topic Write a Thesis Make a Plan 4. Drafting Draft with Strategies in Mind Write a Zero Draft Draft from a Working Outline Start Fast with an Engaging Title and Opening Paragraph Develop Paragraphs Conclude with Strength Link Within and Across Paragraphs 5. Revising Revising and Editing Evaluate Your Draft Respond to Others Pay Attention to Details Last Revise Using your Instructor’s Comments PART 2: THE PERSUASIVE WRITER Writing to Reflect 6. Reflections Writing a Reflection What Makes a Good Reflection? Reflections About Visuals REFLECTIONS Sue Kunitomi Embrey, Some Lines for a Younger Brother... Alisa Valdes-Rodriguez, My Hips, My Caceras Amy Tan, Mother Tongue How to Write a Reflection STUDENT EXAMPLE (MLA Style) Janine Carter, The Miracle QuiltProjects Writing to Inform 7. Informative Essays and Visuals Reporting Information What Makes Good Informative Writing? Informative Visuals INFORMATIVE ESSAYS AND VISUALS Katherine Mangan, Is Faster Always Better? Johnson, Aiden Sitebottom, and Adam Thorpe, Bicycle Theft How to Write to Inform STUDENT EXAMPLE (MLA Style) Lakshmi Kotra, The Life Cycle of StarsProjects Writing to Analyze 8. Rhetorical and Visual Analyses Writing an Analysis Writing a Rhetorical Analysis Writing a Visual Analysis RHETORICAL AND VISUAL ANALYSES Tim Collins, Straight from the Heart Frank Gehry, The Ray and Maria Stata Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology How to Write an Analysis STUDENT EXAMPLE (MLA Style) Chris Gonzalez, Russell Lee’s Pie Town Photographs Writing Arguments 9. Causal Arguments Writing a Causal Argument What Makes a Good Causal Argument? Visual Causal Arguments CAUSAL ARGUMENTS Laura Fraser, The French Paradox Tom Vanderbilt, Why I Became a Late Merger (and Why You Should Too)How to Write a Causal Argument STUDENT EXAMPLE (MLA Style) Armandi Tansel, Modern Warfare: Video Games’ Link to Real-World ViolenceProjects 10. Evaluation Arguments Writing an Evaluation Argument What Makes a Good Evaluation Argument? Visual Evaluations EVALUATION ARGUMENTS Bill McKibben, The Only Way to Have a Cow Rachel Laudan, In Praise of Fast Food How to Write an Evaluation STUDENT EXAMPLE (MLA Style) Jenna Picchi, Organic Foods Should Come CleanProjects 11. Position Arguments Writing a Position Argument What Makes a Good Position Argument? Visual Position Arguments POSITION ARGUMENTS Ted Koppel, Take My Privacy, Please! Michael Pollan, Eat Food, Food Defined How to Write a Position Argument STUDENT EXAMPLE (MLA Style) Patrice Conley, Flagrant Foul: The NCAA’s Definition of Student Athletes as AmateursProjects 12. Proposal Arguments Writing a Proposal Argument What Makes a Good Proposal Argument? Visual Proposals PROPOSAL ARGUMENTS Thomas Jefferson, The Declaration of Independence Glenn Loury, A Nation of Jailers How to Write a Proposal Argument STUDENT EXAMPLE (MLA Style) Kim Lee, Let’s Make It a Real Melting Pot with Presidential Hopes for All PART 3: THE MULTIMEDIA WRITER 13. Composing in Multimedia Understand the Process of Composing in Multimedia Take Pictures That Aren’t Boring Create Graphics Create Audio Create Video Create a Photo Essay 14. Designing for Print and Digital Readers Start With Your Readers Use Headings and Subheadings Effectively Design Pages Understand Typography Evaluate Your Design PART 4: THE WRITER AS RESEARCHER Guide to Research 15. Planning Research Analyze the Research Task Ask a Question Draft a Working Thesis 16. Finding Sources Identify the Kinds of Sources That You Need Search Using Keywords Find Sources in Databases Find Sources on the Web Find Multimedia Sources Find Print Sources Create a Working Bibliography 17. Evaluating Sources Determine the Relevance and Quality of Sources Determine the Kind of Source Determine If a Source Is Trustworthy 18. Writing the Research Project Write a Draft Avoid Plagiarism Quote Sources Without Plagiarizing Summarize and Paraphrase Sources Without Plagiarizing Incorporate Quotations Incorporate Visuals Review Your Research Project 19. MLA Documentation Elements of MLA Documentation Entries in the Works-cited List In-text Citations in MLA Style Books in MLA-Style Works Cited Web Sources in MLA-Style Works Cited Other Sources in MLA-Style Works Cited Visual Sources in MLA-Style Works Cited Sample MLA Paper George Abukar It’s Time to Shut Down the Identity Theft Racket. UpdateStar is compatible with Windows platforms. UpdateStar has been tested to meet all of the technical requirements to be compatible with Windows 10, 8.1, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2003, 2008, and Windows XP, 32 bit and 64 bit editions. Simply double-click the downloaded file to install it. Nov 23, 2017. Summary of Facts and Submissions. The present appeal is against the decision of the examining division refusing European patent application No. 08768435.3, published as WO 2008/156665 A2, on the grounds that claim 1 of a main request was not clear (Article 84 EPC) and its subject-matter was not. UpdateStar Free and UpdateStar Premium come with the same installer. UpdateStar includes such as English, German, French, Italian, Hungarian, Russian and. You can choose your language settings from within the program. ![]() Personalized Fake and Joke Newspapers and Personalized Newspapers and Personalized Headlines for Gags and Gifts, Birthdays, Movies and Plays, Advertising, Publicity Stunts, Baby Showers, Wedding Showers, Stag Parties, Corporate Recognition, Awards, Thank You's, Revenge, Make a Point, Birth and Death Announcements, Wedding and Marriage Announcements, Practical Jokes, Cerebral Terrorism, Personalized Birthday Gags, Gifts. 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All Rights Reserved. ® Novelty Gifts and Gags that will Shock and Surprise the People You Love - - - - - - - - - - - - ™ ® Illegal to publish, broadcast, rewrite or redistribute -- Copyright © 1982 - 2013 TrixiePixGraphics ™All Rights Reserved Our Websites Feature Exclusive and Copywrited Artwork None of Our Products are Duplicated We Provide One of a Kind Originals Created by Our Paid Artists We have a NEW Website! Please Visit Fake News Papers Fake News Videos A Few Abbreviations. • Summary: Sudden Strike is back! The beloved Real Time Strategy series returns, this time with bigger battlefields, more units, better graphics, new scenarios and legendary commanders with individual abilities all of which makes Sudden Strike 4 more tactical and realistic than ever before! Sudden Sudden Strike is back! The beloved Real Time Strategy series returns, this time with bigger battlefields, more units, better graphics, new scenarios and legendary commanders with individual abilities all of which makes Sudden Strike 4 more tactical and realistic than ever before! CDV is happy to announce that they have finished compiling the ultimate Sudden Strike II map-pack. This pack consists of a vast collection of single and multiplayer maps which were composed by the Sudden Strike Community. If you download this map pack, you`re going to get 66 fresh Maps for your playing pleasure. Click here in order to open the Sudden Arena in a new tab! / What are you looking? The Arena is a fan-made international and english-speaking. ![]() Sudden Strike 4 sends you off on three extensive campaigns set amongst the battlefields of World War 2. Commanding the British and American, German or Soviet troops, you will lead over 100 different units into battle; like the German bomber Heinkel He111, the Russian T-34 tank, the British Hawker Typhoon fighter plane and the notorious German PanzerkampfwagenVI Tiger. In a first for the Sudden Strike series, you can now choose from one of nine individual commanders, such as George Patton or Bernard Montgomery, who will each allow for different approaches to combat and boast unique abilities. Prove your strategic expertise in over 20 demanding single player scenarios, the challenge-focused skirmish mode and the ultra-competitive multiplayer mode. Excellence will be rewarded through a unique reward system, where successfully completing missions will unlock exclusive content, such as historical film footage from the era. Sudden Strike 4 offers countless ways to vanquish your opponents. Exploit the weak spots of tanks, set up an ambush, occupy buildings with infantry, outmaneuver the enemy with clever positioning or unleash devastating air strikes how you approach each mission is up to you! Fans of the WWII era or the RTS genre — or both — will get the most out of Sudden Strike 4. It is a high-quality product in terms of graphics and immersion, and the title provides a great experience full of tense and satisfying moments. There's a lengthy campaign that'll take more than a dozen hours to get through, and multiplayer and skirmish modes offer endless playability. The multiplayer portion requires planning ahead with friends or joining the small online community. Gamers who are on board with all of that will be fine with buying the title now, but others may want to wait until the price drops a bit. A solid console RTS, with responsive AI, both friend and foe. The 'pause and command' feature is brilliant, emphasising that this is not a A solid console RTS, with responsive AI, both friend and foe. The 'pause and command' feature is brilliant, emphasising that this is not a 'rush' style RTS title, which is very much appreciated. Excellent graphics on terrain details and an authentic representation of the period vehicles. Good replayability, via the three available doctrines. Also, an educational title for those interested in history, which may prompt further discovery on Wikipedia or a similar site, ultimately, perhaps, even inspiring a life long passion for the subject. An ideal gift for all, available from all good outlets or digitally (whichever's cheapest or more convenient). Anyone reading this review that have come to know me over the years will know straight away that anything World War 2 gets me excited. Amongst Anyone reading this review that have come to know me over the years will know straight away that anything World War 2 gets me excited. Amongst all the made up over the top future shooter nonsense that has flooded the games market over the past decade has made me turn my back on most shooters. It's refreshing to see developers go back to WW2. Kite are a new developer set up two years ago and Sudden Strike 4 is there new baby. You can see the love for the great series they have inherited. Sudden Strike 4 is brilliant. There I've said it. Now if you want to deduct one or two marks from my score because of the lack of this type of game on PlayStation consoles and take my excitement level into account, feel free. But what you also have to know is that I've played very few PC games, one I have played is the brilliant Company of Heroes. SS4 is a real time strategy game. Anyone who doesn't know what that is I will quickly try to help out. Basically you have units that you give orders to. Tanks, infantry, and call in air strikes etc. All from a top down prospective, playing god if you like. Key to victory is to plan what is you best move. Hold back repair trucks and fuel supplies to back up any rushed move you may have regretted. Take your time. Every mission has a small intro to tell you the basics of what you have to do. You can choose some upgrades from three different generals before you start and the more stars you earn, a possible 3 from each mission, will unlock these extras. From repair kits to sandbags, health to extra ammo, choose carefully for each battle. Now your mission can end before it even starts if you just rush off looking for a quick fix. The game is VERY unforgiving even on easy if you rush your moves or send your troops blind into a hail of gunfire you'll be hitting restart. I ended in an epic fail many times and when I replayed the same mission with more care I got through in a breeze. You have three campaigns. Ailed, Russian and German. These play out differently. Some are very hard even on easy and trying to find the right solution can be quite trying at times. The first ailed mission is one of the best in my opinion giving you a fantastic overall play of most of the units in the game. You start with the 101st airborne and take what looks like Sainte Mere Eglise, then land on Utah Beach as the US infantry to fight your way off the beaches and link up with the airborne. Exciting stuff. You can zoom in on the action holding R1 and pan the camera about 180 degrees with the analogue stick but the annoying thing is that the camera then snaps back. I'd much rather 360 degrees control over the camera and this is a strange omission from the game. I have mailed Kalypso the publishers to ask of a possible patch. Maps range across France, Belgium, Germany and Russia. The developer has done a fantastic job of trying to mix it up by using weather effects to make maps look different and even city scape's when moving inland. The bridge over the Rhine, Stalingrad, Berlin, Battle of the bulge, Overlord, Market Garden, it's all here. Graphically speaking it all looks great. It states that the game is 'Pro Enhanced'. So on looking at my TV the game does seem to be playing in 4K. I'm sure it's not native but it all looks great. The flashes of lightning, chitter chatter of the troops running in the rain and break outs of gunfire is just brilliant. I played on my 50' Sony 4K HDR TV with Sony DTS Surround booming. You can be moving in virtual silence only to encounter enemies with busts of gunfire and tank shells booming and shaking my floor. Multiplayer is all here. Skirmish mode lets you and seven others take control over set units and try to take strategic points on the maps taken from parts of the game. You can also play against the computer. I have to be honest here, it works but this, for me anyway is best played as a single player game. Don't get me wrong, it all works fine but I love the single player. It's worth noting that when playing you can pause and choose all your moves then play again so your not under pressure. Using a controller will be fround upon by PC players but hey, it works just fine. You can hold L2 and bring up the mini map and in doing so move to an area very fast moving the right stick. Sudden Strike 4 has a tutorial so don't worry if you've not played a game like this before. The menus are slick with real WW2 footage playing out in the background. My advise is to turn the background music off. It's a very surreal feeling hearing the wind blow through trees and birds tweeting before all hell breaks loose only to fade away again to peace, birds go about there business again unaware of the carnage that has just ensued. Playing Sudden Strike 4 is an absolute joy. You can download now from the store or buy the retail version from £27.85 from shopto now. Sudden Strike 4 is a PlayStaion 4 console exclusive. • • • An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the 's that creates. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to toss people around and destroy whole cities. The or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. When the of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a. Earthquakes can also trigger, and occasionally volcanic activity. In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its or hypocenter. The is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter. Fault types Tectonic earthquakes occur anywhere in the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a. The sides of a fault move past each other smoothly and only if there are no irregularities or along the fault surface that increase the frictional resistance. Most fault surfaces do have such asperities and this leads to a form of. Once the fault has locked, continued relative motion between the plates leads to increasing stress and therefore, stored strain energy in the volume around the fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault, releasing the. This energy is released as a combination of radiated elastic, frictional heating of the fault surface, and cracking of the rock, thus causing an earthquake. This process of gradual build-up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is referred to as the. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an earthquake's total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the earthquake's energy is used to power the earthquake growth or is converted into heat generated by friction. Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available and raise its temperature, though these changes are negligible compared to the conductive and convective flow of heat out from the Earthquake fault types. Main article: There are three main types of fault, all of which may cause an: normal, reverse (thrust) and strike-slip. Normal and reverse faulting are examples of dip-slip, where the displacement along the fault is in the direction of and movement on them involves a vertical component. Normal faults occur mainly in areas where the crust is being such as a. Reverse faults occur in areas where the crust is being such as at a convergent boundary. Are steep structures where the two sides of the fault slip horizontally past each other; transform boundaries are a particular type of strike-slip fault. Many earthquakes are caused by movement on faults that have components of both dip-slip and strike-slip; this is known as oblique slip. Reverse faults, particularly those along are associated with the most powerful earthquakes,, including almost all of those of magnitude 8 or more. Strike-slip faults, particularly continental, can produce major earthquakes up to about magnitude 8. Earthquakes associated with normal faults are generally less than magnitude 7. For every unit increase in magnitude, there is a roughly thirtyfold increase in the energy released. For instance, an earthquake of magnitude 6.0 releases approximately 30 times more energy than a 5.0 magnitude earthquake and a 7.0 magnitude earthquake releases 900 times (30 × 30) more energy than a 5.0 magnitude of earthquake. An 8.6 magnitude earthquake releases the same amount of energy as 10,000 atomic bombs like those used in. This is so because the energy released in an earthquake, and thus its magnitude, is proportional to the area of the fault that ruptures and the stress drop. Therefore, the longer the length and the wider the width of the faulted area, the larger the resulting magnitude. The topmost, brittle part of the Earth's crust, and the cool slabs of the tectonic plates that are descending down into the hot mantle, are the only parts of our planet which can store elastic energy and release it in fault ruptures. Rocks hotter than about 300 degrees Celsius flow in response to stress; they do not rupture in earthquakes. The maximum observed lengths of ruptures and mapped faults (which may break in a single rupture) are approximately 1000 km. Examples are the earthquakes in;;, all in subduction zones. The longest earthquake ruptures on strike-slip faults, like the (1857, 1906), the in Turkey (1939) and the in Alaska (2002), are about half to one third as long as the lengths along subducting plate margins, and those along normal faults are even shorter. Aerial photo of the San Andreas Fault in the, northwest of Los Angeles The most important parameter controlling the maximum earthquake magnitude on a fault is however not the maximum available length, but the available width because the latter varies by a factor of 20. Along converging plate margins, the dip angle of the rupture plane is very shallow, typically about 10 degrees. Thus the width of the plane within the top brittle crust of the Earth can become 50 to 100 km (; ), making the most powerful earthquakes possible. Strike-slip faults tend to be oriented near vertically, resulting in an approximate width of 10 km within the brittle crust, thus earthquakes with magnitudes much larger than 8 are not possible. Maximum magnitudes along many normal faults are even more limited because many of them are located along spreading centers, as in Iceland, where the thickness of the brittle layer is only about 6 km. In addition, there exists a hierarchy of stress level in the three fault types. Thrust faults are generated by the highest, strike slip by intermediate, and normal faults by the lowest stress levels. This can easily be understood by considering the direction of the greatest principal stress, the direction of the force that 'pushes' the rock mass during the faulting. In the case of normal faults, the rock mass is pushed down in a vertical direction, thus the pushing force ( greatest principal stress) equals the weight of the rock mass itself. In the case of thrusting, the rock mass 'escapes' in the direction of the least principal stress, namely upward, lifting the rock mass up, thus the overburden equals the least principal stress. Strike-slip faulting is intermediate between the other two types described above. This difference in stress regime in the three faulting environments can contribute to differences in stress drop during faulting, which contributes to differences in the radiated energy, regardless of fault dimensions. Earthquakes away from plate boundaries. Main article: Where plate boundaries occur within the, deformation is spread out over a much larger area than the plate boundary itself. In the case of the continental transform, many earthquakes occur away from the plate boundary and are related to strains developed within the broader zone of deformation caused by major irregularities in the fault trace (e.g., the 'Big bend' region). The was associated with movement on a blind thrust within such a zone. Another example is the strongly oblique convergent plate boundary between the and where it runs through the northwestern part of the. The deformation associated with this plate boundary is partitioned into nearly pure thrust sense movements perpendicular to the boundary over a wide zone to the southwest and nearly pure strike-slip motion along the Main Recent Fault close to the actual plate boundary itself. This is demonstrated by earthquake. All tectonic plates have internal stress fields caused by their interactions with neighboring plates and sedimentary loading or unloading (e.g. These stresses may be sufficient to cause failure along existing fault planes, giving rise to intraplate earthquakes. Shallow-focus and deep-focus earthquakes. Collapsed Gran Hotel building in the metropolis, after the shallow. The majority of tectonic earthquakes originate at the ring of fire in depths not exceeding tens of kilometers. Earthquakes occurring at a depth of less than 70 km are classified as 'shallow-focus' earthquakes, while those with a focal-depth between 70 and 300 km are commonly termed 'mid-focus' or 'intermediate-depth' earthquakes. In, where older and colder descends beneath another tectonic plate, may occur at much greater depths (ranging from 300 up to 700 kilometers). These seismically active areas of subduction are known as. Deep-focus earthquakes occur at a depth where the subducted should no longer be brittle, due to the high temperature and pressure. A possible mechanism for the generation of deep-focus earthquakes is faulting caused by undergoing a into a structure. Earthquakes and volcanic activity. Main article: Earthquakes often occur in volcanic regions and are caused there, both by faults and the movement of in. Such earthquakes can serve as an early warning of volcanic eruptions, as during the. Earthquake swarms can serve as markers for the location of the flowing magma throughout the volcanoes. These swarms can be recorded by and (a device that measures ground slope) and used as sensors to predict imminent or upcoming eruptions. Rupture dynamics A tectonic earthquake begins by an initial rupture at a point on the fault surface, a process known as nucleation. The scale of the nucleation zone is uncertain, with some evidence, such as the rupture dimensions of the smallest earthquakes, suggesting that it is smaller than 100 m while other evidence, such as a slow component revealed by low-frequency spectra of some earthquakes, suggest that it is larger. The possibility that the nucleation involves some sort of preparation process is supported by the observation that about 40% of earthquakes are preceded by foreshocks. Once the rupture has initiated, it begins to propagate along the fault surface. The mechanics of this process are poorly understood, partly because it is difficult to recreate the high sliding velocities in a laboratory. Also the effects of strong ground motion make it very difficult to record information close to a nucleation zone. Rupture propagation is generally modeled using a approach, likening the rupture to a propagating mixed mode shear crack. The rupture velocity is a function of the fracture energy in the volume around the crack tip, increasing with decreasing fracture energy. The velocity of rupture propagation is orders of magnitude faster than the displacement velocity across the fault. Earthquake ruptures typically propagate at velocities that are in the range 70–90% of the S-wave velocity, and this is independent of earthquake size. A small subset of earthquake ruptures appear to have propagated at speeds greater than the S-wave velocity. These have all been observed during large strike-slip events. The unusually wide zone of coseismic damage caused by the has been attributed to the effects of the developed in such earthquakes. Some earthquake ruptures travel at unusually low velocities and are referred to as. A particularly dangerous form of slow earthquake is the, observed where the relatively low felt intensities, caused by the slow propagation speed of some great earthquakes, fail to alert the population of the neighboring coast, as in the. Tidal forces may induce some, see for details. Earthquake clusters Most earthquakes form part of a sequence, related to each other in terms of location and time. Most earthquake clusters consist of small tremors that cause little to no damage, but there is a theory that earthquakes can recur in a regular pattern. Magnitude of the and, of and the aftershocks (which continued to occur after the period shown here). An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs after a previous earthquake, the mainshock. An aftershock is in the same region of the main shock but always of a smaller magnitude. If an aftershock is larger than the main shock, the aftershock is redesignated as the main shock and the original main shock is redesignated as a. Aftershocks are formed as the crust around the displaced adjusts to the effects of the main shock. Earthquake swarms. Main article: Earthquake swarms are sequences of earthquakes striking in a specific area within a short period of time. They are different from earthquakes followed by a series of by the fact that no single earthquake in the sequence is obviously the main shock, therefore none have notable higher magnitudes than the other. An example of an earthquake swarm is the 2004 activity. In August 2012, a swarm of earthquakes shook Southern California's Imperial Valley, showing the most recorded activity in the area since the 1970s. Sometimes a series of earthquakes occur in what has been called an earthquake storm, where the earthquakes strike a fault in clusters, each triggered by the shaking or stress redistribution of the previous earthquakes. Similar to but on adjacent segments of fault, these storms occur over the course of years, and with some of the later earthquakes as damaging as the early ones. Such a pattern was observed in the sequence of about a dozen earthquakes that struck the in Turkey in the 20th century and has been inferred for older anomalous clusters of large earthquakes in the Middle East. Intensity of earth quaking and magnitude of earthquakes Quaking or shaking of the earth is a common phenomenon undoubtedly known to humans from earliest times. Prior to the development of that can measure peak ground speed and acceleration directly, the intensity of the earth-shaking was estimated on the basis of the observed effects, as categorized on various. Only in the last century has the source of such shaking been identified as ruptures in the earth's crust, with the intensity of shaking at any locality dependent not only on the local ground conditions, but also on the strength or magnitude of the rupture, and on its distance. The was developed by in 1935. Subsequent scales (see ) have retained a key feature, where each unit represents a ten-fold difference in the amplitude of the ground shaking, and a 32-fold difference in energy. Subsequent scales are also adjusted to have approximately the same numeric value within the limits of the scale. Although the mass media commonly reports earthquake magnitudes as 'Richter magnitude' or 'Richter scale', standard practice by most seismological authorities is to express an earthquake's strength on the scale, which is based on the actual energy released by an earthquake. Frequency of occurrence It is estimated that around 500,000 earthquakes occur each year, detectable with current instrumentation. About 100,000 of these can be felt. Minor earthquakes occur nearly constantly around the world in places like and in the U.S., as well as in,,,,,,,, the in,,,,,, and, but earthquakes can occur almost anywhere, including,, and. Larger earthquakes occur less frequently, the relationship being; for example, roughly ten times as many earthquakes larger than magnitude 4 occur in a particular time period than earthquakes larger than magnitude 5. In the (low seismicity), for example, it has been calculated that the average recurrences are: an earthquake of 3.7–4.6 every year, an earthquake of 4.7–5.5 every 10 years, and an earthquake of 5.6 or larger every 100 years. This is an example of the. The and tsunami took as many as 200,000 lives on December 28, 1908 in and. The number of seismic stations has increased from about 350 in 1931 to many thousands today. As a result, many more earthquakes are reported than in the past, but this is because of the vast improvement in instrumentation, rather than an increase in the number of earthquakes. The estimates that, since 1900, there have been an average of 18 major earthquakes (magnitude 7.0–7.9) and one great earthquake (magnitude 8.0 or greater) per year, and that this average has been relatively stable. In recent years, the number of major earthquakes per year has decreased, though this is probably a statistical fluctuation rather than a systematic trend. More detailed statistics on the size and frequency of earthquakes is available from the (USGS). A recent increase in the number of major earthquakes has been noted, which could be explained by a cyclical pattern of periods of intense tectonic activity, interspersed with longer periods of low-intensity. However, accurate recordings of earthquakes only began in the early 1900s, so it is too early to categorically state that this is the case. Most of the world's earthquakes (90%, and 81% of the largest) take place in the 40,000 km long, horseshoe-shaped zone called the circum-Pacific seismic belt, known as the, which for the most part bounds the. Massive earthquakes tend to occur along other plate boundaries, too, such as along the. With the rapid growth of such as, and, in areas of high, some seismologists are warning that a single quake may claim the lives of up to 3 million people. Induced seismicity. Main article: While most earthquakes are caused by movement of the Earth's, human activity can also produce earthquakes. Four main activities contribute to this phenomenon: storing large amounts of water behind a (and possibly building an extremely heavy ), drilling and injecting liquid into, and by and. Perhaps the best known example is the in China's in May; this tremor resulted in 69,227 fatalities and is the. The is believed to have fluctuated the pressure of the fault 1,650 feet (503 m) away; this pressure probably increased the power of the earthquake and accelerated the rate of movement for the fault. The greatest earthquake in Australia's history is also claimed to be induced by humanity, through coal mining. Was built over a large sector of coal mining areas. The earthquake has been reported to be spawned from a fault that reactivated due to the millions of tonnes of rock removed in the mining process. Measuring and locating earthquakes. Main articles: and The instrumental scales used to describe the size of an earthquake began with the in the 1930s. It is a relatively simple measurement of an event's amplitude, and its use has become minimal in the 21st century. Travel through the and can be recorded by at great distances. The was developed in the 1950s as a means to measure remote earthquakes and to improve the accuracy for larger events. The measures the amplitude of the shock, but also takes into account the (total rupture area, average slip of the fault, and rigidity of the rock). The, the, and the are based on the observed effects. Every tremor produces different types of seismic waves, which travel through rock with different velocities: • Longitudinal (shock- or pressure waves) • Transverse (both body waves) • — ( and waves) of the seismic waves ranges from approx. 3 km/s up to 13 km/s, depending on the and of the medium. In the Earth's interior the shock- or P waves travel much faster than the S waves (approx. Relation 1.7: 1). The differences in travel time from the to the observatory are a measure of the distance and can be used to image both sources of quakes and structures within the Earth. Also, the depth of the can be computed roughly. In solid rock P-waves travel at about 6 to 7 km per second; the velocity increases within the deep mantle to ~13 km/s. The velocity of S-waves ranges from 2–3 km/s in light sediments and 4–5 km/s in the Earth's crust up to 7 km/s in the deep mantle. As a consequence, the first waves of a distant earthquake arrive at an observatory via the Earth's mantle. On average, the kilometer distance to the earthquake is the number of seconds between the P and S wave times 8. Slight deviations are caused by inhomogeneities of subsurface structure. By such analyses of seismograms the Earth's core was located in 1913. S waves and later arriving surface waves do main damage compared to P waves. P wave squeezes and expands material in the same direction it is traveling. S wave shakes the ground up and down and back and forth. Earthquakes are not only categorized by their magnitude but also by the place where they occur. The world is divided into 754 (F-E regions), which are based on political and geographical boundaries as well as seismic activity. More active zones are divided into smaller F-E regions whereas less active zones belong to larger F-E regions. Standard reporting of earthquakes includes its, date and time of occurrence, of its, depth of the epicenter, geographical region, distances to population centers, location uncertainty, a number of parameters that are included in USGS earthquake reports (number of stations reporting, number of observations, etc.), and a unique event ID. Although relatively slow seismic waves have traditionally been used to detect earthquakes, scientists realized in 2016 that gravitational measurements could provide instantaneous detection of earthquakes, and confirmed this by analyzing gravitational records associated with the ('Fukushima') earthquake. Effects of earthquakes. Damaged buildings in,, January 2010. Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other rigid structures. The severity of the local effects depends on the complex combination of the earthquake, the distance from the, and the local geological and geomorphological conditions, which may amplify or reduce. The ground-shaking is measured. Specific local geological, geomorphological, and geostructural features can induce high levels of shaking on the ground surface even from low-intensity earthquakes. This effect is called site or local amplification. It is principally due to the transfer of the motion from hard deep soils to soft superficial soils and to effects of seismic energy focalization owing to typical geometrical setting of the deposits. Ground rupture is a visible breaking and displacement of the Earth's surface along the trace of the fault, which may be of the order of several meters in the case of major earthquakes. Ground rupture is a major risk for large engineering structures such as, bridges and and requires careful mapping of existing faults to identify any which are likely to break the ground surface within the life of the structure. Landslides and avalanches. Main article: Tsunamis are long-wavelength, long-period sea waves produced by the sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes of water - including when an earthquake. In the open ocean the distance between wave crests can surpass 100 kilometers (62 mi), and the wave periods can vary from five minutes to one hour. Such tsunamis travel 600-800 kilometers per hour (373–497 miles per hour), depending on water depth. Large waves produced by an earthquake or a submarine landslide can overrun nearby coastal areas in a matter of minutes. Tsunamis can also travel thousands of kilometers across open ocean and wreak destruction on far shores hours after the earthquake that generated them. Ordinarily, subduction earthquakes under magnitude 7.5 on the magnitude scale do not cause tsunamis, although some instances of this have been recorded. Most destructive tsunamis are caused by earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 or more. Main article: A flood is an overflow of any amount of water that reaches land. Floods occur usually when the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, exceeds the total capacity of the formation, and as a result some of the water flows or sits outside of the normal perimeter of the body. However, floods may be secondary effects of earthquakes, if dams are damaged. Earthquakes may cause landslips to dam rivers, which collapse and cause floods. The terrain below the in is in danger of catastrophic flood if the formed by the earthquake, known as the, were to fail during a future earthquake. Impact projections suggest the flood could affect roughly 5 million people. Human impacts. Main article: While is usually considered to be a type of, is often differentiated from. Earthquake forecasting is concerned with the probabilistic assessment of general earthquake hazard, including the frequency and magnitude of damaging earthquakes in a given area over years or decades. For well-understood faults the probability that a segment may rupture during the next few decades can be estimated. Have been developed that can provide regional notification of an earthquake in progress, but before the ground surface has begun to move, potentially allowing people within the system's range to seek shelter before the earthquake's impact is felt. Preparedness The objective of is to foresee the impact of earthquakes on buildings and other structures and to design such structures to minimize the risk of damage. Existing structures can be modified by to improve their resistance to earthquakes. Can provide building owners with financial protection against losses resulting from earthquakes. Strategies can be employed by a government or organization to mitigate risks and prepare for consequences. Historical views. An image from a 1557 book depicting an earthquake in Italy in the 4th century BCE From the lifetime of the Greek philosopher in the 5th century BCE to the 14th century CE, earthquakes were usually attributed to 'air (vapors) in the cavities of the Earth.' Of Miletus, who lived from 625–547 (BCE) was the only documented person who believed that earthquakes were caused by tension between the earth and water. Other theories existed, including the Greek philosopher Anaxamines' (585–526 BCE) beliefs that short incline episodes of dryness and wetness caused seismic activity. The Greek philosopher Democritus (460–371 BCE) blamed water in general for earthquakes. Called earthquakes 'underground thunderstorms.' Recent studies In recent studies, geologists claim that is one of the reasons for increased seismic activity. According to these studies melting glaciers and rising sea levels disturb the balance of pressure on Earth's tectonic plates thus causing increase in the frequency and intensity of earthquakes. In culture Mythology and religion In, earthquakes were explained as the violent struggling of the god. When Loki, of mischief and strife, murdered, god of beauty and light, he was punished by being bound in a cave with a poisonous serpent placed above his head dripping venom. Loki's wife stood by him with a bowl to catch the poison, but whenever she had to empty the bowl the poison dripped on Loki's face, forcing him to jerk his head away and thrash against his bonds, which caused the earth to tremble. In, was the cause and god of earthquakes. When he was in a bad mood, he struck the ground with a, causing earthquakes and other calamities. He also used earthquakes to punish and inflict fear upon people as revenge. In, (鯰) is a giant who causes earthquakes. Namazu lives in the mud beneath the earth, and is guarded by the god who restrains the fish with a stone. When Kashima lets his guard fall, Namazu thrashes about, causing violent earthquakes. In popular culture In modern, the portrayal of earthquakes is shaped by the memory of great cities laid waste, such as. Fictional earthquakes tend to strike suddenly and without warning. For this reason, stories about earthquakes generally begin with the disaster and focus on its immediate aftermath, as in Short Walk to Daylight (1972), (1968) or (1999). A notable example is Heinrich von Kleist's classic novella,, which describes the destruction of Santiago in 1647. 's short fiction collection depicts the consequences of the Kobe earthquake of 1995. The most popular single earthquake in fiction is the hypothetical 'Big One' expected of 's someday, as depicted in the novels (1996), (1977), (2009) and (2015) among other works. Appel's widely anthologized short story, A Comparative Seismology, features a con artist who convinces an elderly woman that an apocalyptic earthquake is imminent. Contemporary depictions of earthquakes in film are variable in the manner in which they reflect human psychological reactions to the actual trauma that can be caused to directly afflicted families and their loved ones. Disaster mental health response research emphasizes the need to be aware of the different roles of loss of family and key community members, loss of home and familiar surroundings, loss of essential supplies and services to maintain survival. Particularly for children, the clear availability of caregiving adults who are able to protect, nourish, and clothe them in the aftermath of the earthquake, and to help them make sense of what has befallen them has been shown even more important to their emotional and physical health than the simple giving of provisions. As was observed after other disasters involving destruction and loss of life and their media depictions, recently observed in the, it is also important not to pathologize the reactions to loss and displacement or disruption of governmental administration and services, but rather to validate these reactions, to support constructive problem-solving and reflection as to how one might improve the conditions of those affected. See also • • • • • • • • • • • • • References. • Allen, Clarence R. (December 1976), 'Responsibilities in earthquake prediction', Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 66 (6): 2069–2074. • Bolt, Bruce A. (1993), Earthquakes and geological discovery, Scientific American Library,. H.; Bernreuter, D. (1980),, NUREG/CR-1457. The Earthquake Observers: Disaster Science From Lisbon to Richter (; 2012) 348 pages; explores both scientific and popular coverage • Geller, Robert J.; Jackson, David D.; Kagan, Yan Y.; Mulargia, Francesco (14 March 1997), (PDF), Science, 275 (5306): 1616,:. • Donald Hyndman; David Hyndman (2009). 'Chapter 3: Earthquakes and their causes'. • International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection (30 May 2011),, Annals of Geophysics, 54 (4): 315–391,:. • Kanamori, Hiroo (2003), 'Earthquake Prediction: An Overview', International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, International Geophysics, 616: 1205–1216,:,. O.; Gutenberg, B. (6 September 1935), (PDF), Science, 82 (2123): 219–320,:,:. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to: Wikimedia Commons has media related to. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for. • of the • - IRIS Consortium • • — (MNN) (29 June 2012) • • • Shows current seismic and volcanic activity in Iceland. English available. |
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